Additionally, MdPUB24 functions as an E3 ubiquitin ligase to ubiquitinate MdNAC72, resulting in its degradation via the 26S proteasome pathway, which was enhanced by ethylene-induced phosphorylation of MdNAC72 by MdMAPK3. The increase in MdMAPK3 kinase activity was induced by ethylene, which promoted the phosphorylation of MdNAC72 by MdMAPK3. Specifically, we show that MdMAPK3 interacts with and phosphorylates the transcription factor NAM-ATAF1/2-CUC2 72 (MdNAC72), which functions as a transcriptional repressor of the cell wall degradation-related gene POLYGALACTURONASE1 ( MdPG1). In this study, we identified apple MITOGEN-ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE 3 (MdMAPK3) as an important positive regulator of ethylene-induced apple fruit softening during storage. The phytohormone ethylene plays an important role in promoting the softening of climacteric fruits, such as apples ( Malus domestica) however, important aspects of the underlying regulatory mechanisms are not well understood.
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